The pronunciation of words ending in -ed, -es

As is known, in English there is a rule of pronunciation endings.

All end — es (3 person personal singular case .; plural), — ed pronounced as follows: after voiceless consonants [s], [t], in other cases, [z], [d].

If the root word ends in a hissing or whistling, — es pronounced [iz], and — ed reads as [id], if the root word ends in the sound [t] or [d].

It is established in the language relatively recently — in the years 1500-1660 (the language of Shakespeare).

But in modern English there are a number of words in which — ed reads as [id], because these words are included in the category of adjectives:

1. naked [neikid] — naked, nude, naked (without further transcription — the end of the reading, by analogy [id])
2. crooked — curve, curved; dishonest, dishonorable
   crooked sixpence — Lucky Coin
   srooked dealings — dishonest business
3. wicked — evil, evil, vicious, immoral
   wicked intents — Bad Intentions
   war is wicked — war — is evil
   wicked designs — deceitfully
4. wretched — miserable, pathetic
5. learned — scholar, erudite, with deep knowledge, trained (the animal)
6. blessed — blessed, sanctified, blessed
7. dogged — stubborn, stubborn
   dogged resolution — firm resolve
   dogged work — hard work
   to meet with a dogged resistance — to encounter stiff resistance
   it’s dogged (that) does it — perseverance brings victory
8. ragged — uneven, rough, jagged
   ragged edge — (Amer.) uneven or serrated edge
   ragged cliffs (rocks) — jagged cliffs (rock)
   ragged knife blade — serrated blade
9. rugged — is uneven, rough, non-smooth
   rugged bark — rough bark
   rugged country — fluctuate rough terrain
   rugged mountains — Rocky Mountains
   a rugged coast — rugged coast
10. jagged — jagged, roughly torn
    jagged nails — nails bitten
11. aged — old, old
12. beloved — beloved, beloved
13. cursed — cursed

When the word (adjective or participle) ending in — ed, join — ly, — ness, in this case, [i] becomes spoken:

• fixedly [‘fiksidli] — closely in focus
• markedly — noticeably, apparently deliberately
  

  He was markedly polite. — He was emphatically polite.

• amusedly — amazement, a (pleasant) surprise
• assuredly — of course, no doubt confident with confidence
• attachedly — devotedly
• yours attachedly — devoted to you (at the end of the message)
• confessedly — by his own admission, was a
• confusedly — embarrassed, puzzled, bewildered, confused
• deservedly — earned, deserved, duly
• designedly — intentionally, deliberately, on purpose
• despleasedly — annoyance, annoyed, displeased
• forcedly — forced, compulsory, forced
• sacredly — sacred, inviolable
• supposedly — supposedly
• blessedness — bliss, happiness
• far-sightedness — far-sightedness, far-sightedness

This list of words, in my opinion, do not need to learn, but simply to take note of as a reflection of phonetic and lexical phenomena in language.

 

  5763

Science